The authorship and date of this letter, as one of the Pastoral Epistles, are discussed in the Introduction to the First Letter to Timothy.
The tone here is more personal than in First Timothy, for this letter addresses Timothy in vivid terms (2 Tim 1:6-14; 2:1-13) and depicts Paul’s courage and hope in the face of discouragements late in the course of his apostolic ministry (2 Tim 1:15-18; 3:10-17; 4:9-18). Indeed, the letter takes on the character of a final exhortation and testament from Paul to the younger Timothy (2 Tim 4:1-8). Paul is portrayed as a prisoner (2 Tim 1:8, 16; 2:9) in Rome (2 Tim 1:17), and there is a hint that Timothy may be in Ephesus (2 Tim 2:17). The letter reveals that, with rare exceptions, Christians have not rallied to Paul’s support (2 Tim 1:15-18) and takes a pessimistic view of the outcome of his case (2 Tim 4:6). It describes Paul as fully aware of what impends, looking to God, not to human beings, for his deliverance (2 Tim 4:3-8, 18). It recalls his mission days with Timothy (2 Tim 1:3-5; cf Acts 16:1-4). It points to his preaching of the gospel as the reason for his imprisonment and offers Timothy, as a motive for steadfastness, his own example of firmness in faith despite adverse circumstances (2 Tim 1:6-14). The letter suggests that Timothy should prepare others to replace himself as Paul has prepared Timothy to replace him (2 Tim 2:1-2). Paul urges him not to desist out of fear from preserving and spreading the Christian message (2 Tim 2:3-7). It presents the resurrection of Jesus and his messianic role as the heart of the gospel for which Paul has been ready to lay down his life (2 Tim 2:8-9) and thus not only to express his own conviction fully but to support the conviction of others (2 Tim 2:10-13).
This letter, like the preceding one, urges Timothy to protect the community from the inevitable impact of false teaching (2 Tim 2:14-3:9), without fear of the personal attacks that may result (2 Tim 3:10-13). It recommends that he rely on the power of the scriptures, on proclamation of the word, and on sound doctrine (2 Tim 3:14-4:2), without being troubled by those who do not accept him (2 Tim 4:3-5). The letter poignantly observes in passing that Paul has need of his reading materials and his cloak (2 Tim 4:13) and, what will be best of all, a visit from Timothy.
On the theory of authorship by Paul himself, Second Timothy appears to be the last of the three Pastoral Epistles. The many scholars who argue that the Pastorals are products of the Pauline school often incline toward Second Timothy as the earliest of the three and the one most likely to have actual fragments of material from Paul himself.
The principal divisions of the Second Letter to Timothy are the following:
I. Address (2 Tim 1:1-5)
II. Exhortations to Timothy (2 Tim 1:6-2:13)
III. Instructions Concerning False Teaching (2 Tim 2:14-4:8)
IV. Personal Requests and Final Greetings (2 Tim 4:9-22)